18 औ एसियन गेम

आज बाट सुरु 18 औ एसियन गेम
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~मिति :18 august - 2 sept 2018
~आयोजक : इन्डोनेसिया ( जाकार्ता )
~45 देश सहभागी
~जम्मा प्रकारका  40 खेल
~MOTTO : Energy of Asia
~नेपाल 29 खेल मा सहभागी हुने
~185 नेपाली खेलाडिले सहभागिता जनाउने
~उद्घाटन समारोहमा कमल बहादुर भन्डारीले( भारत्तोलन का खेलाडी ) नेपालको झण्डा बोक्ने
~नेपाल ले हाल सम्म 1 रजत र 22 कास्य पदक जितेको
~एक मात्र रजत जित्ने : सबिता राजभण्डारी
~दुई ओटा कास्य जित्ने : दिपक बिष्ट
~नेपाल ले पहीलोपटक 1986 को एसियाड मा पदक जितेको
~नेपाल सन् 1951 को पहिलो एसियाड ( नया दिल्ली मा भएको ) देखि सहभागी
~यो पटक 8 वोटा नयाँ खेल थपिएको
~अघिल्लो संस्करण इन्चोन, दक्षिण कोरियामा भएको 2014 मा

indigenous people of nepal * abhisekha Adhikari

Nepali people dont just look like "Chinese." Nepalis are very diverse people. There are many races and tribes in Nepal co-existing peacefully with each other since prehistoric times. Nepal is a unique ethnic and racial mosaic unlike anywhere in the world.

(I) The Khasas (Iranian+Indic):

Total: 30-35% of the population

The Khas are the Indo-Iranid people of Nepal. They are also called the Pahari people by ethnographers and are much similar to the Pahari people of Uttarakhand, Himachal and Kashmir in India. The Khas are supposed to be a branch of the Tajik people in Central Asia.

The Iranian Khas people migrated from Central Asia: Kashgar, Xinjiang, China to Kashmir (Khas-Mir), Khasali, Uttaranchal all the way to West Nepal in early Antiquity (2500+ years ago). Along the way they named these places after them e.g. Khas-gadh (Kashgar) means a fort of the Khas people. There is not only a ethnic continuum of people stretching from Kashmir, Himachal, Gharwal, Kumaon and Nepal; but the Nepali language is also a linguistic continuum of the Khasmiri, Himachali, Gharwahli and Kumaoni, collectively called pahari languages.

The original Khas have over the centuries mixed with the Brahmins and Kshetriyas from Punjab and Rajasthan who fled the Muslim invasions from 1000 AD onwards. The newly arrived Vedic Hindu people of India from Punjab and Rajasthan considered the animist, nature worshipping Iranian Khas people living in Western Nepal as uncivilized barbarians who were outside of the Vedic fold.  But over time, the Khas people gradually began to adopt the religions of the Vedic Brahmins and Kshyatriyas from India. In the end the Khas themselves became Brahmins (Bahun) and Kshyatriyas (Chhetri) and adopted Hindu beliefs. Those who resisted became Khas-Dalits (untouchables). This period is known as the period of Sanskritization of Nepal (1000 AD onwards). Despite adopting Hindu beliefs the Khas still retained their old practices of their Masto religion like animal sacrifice, worshipping of female mother goddess at mountain tops and deep ravines. One prominent refugee Rajput family from Chittor established the present state of Nepal through a series of conquests.

The Khas people today are a mixed progeny of  Indic Brahmins and Kshyatriyas from Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Rajasthan with the Iranian Khas people who already lived in the mountains. There is also a small smattering of Tibeto-Burmese ancestry in varying degrees in various individuals.

Map of Khas migrations:

Their original homeland is in the far West of Nepal, although now they occupy the mid-hills of Nepal across the entire length of the country from East to West as can be sen from the red in the map:

Some Examples of Khas people:

Khasa Chhetri Girl (Iranic type):

Khasa Kshetriya (Official Portrait of King Prithivi Narayan Shah who founded modern Nepal):

Kiran Chhetri, a former Fox and CNN news anchor in the US, a woman of Khas Khetriya heritage:

Khasa Brahmin Man-Iranid type:

Khasa Brahmin Girl-Indic Type:

Khasa Boy-Indic type:

Khas-Brahmin Girl (mix of Indic and Iranic, generic Khas "pahari"):

Samrat Upadhyaya, a writer based out of the US and a Khas Brahmin man:

Manjushree Thapa is an author based out of Canada and a Khas-Kshetri woman:

Turanid type Khasa Chhetri (Kshetriya) Man (Khas Chetris show admixture with the Sino-Tibeto-Burmese populations):

Another Turanid type Khas-Chhetri mother. (Turanid means a mixture of Caucasian Iranid plus Mongolian):

Khasa Chettri (Far-West Nepal):

Dalit man of the Hills (Khas-Dalit):

Khas-Dalit girl:

The present prime-minister of Nepal is also a Khas Brahmin:

Khasa Brahmin woman (Manisha Koirala, Bollywood Actress):

Khas people exist in India also. The native Himachali, Kumaoni and Gharwalis are identical to the Khas people of Nepal:

Actress Kangna Ranaut,  native from Manali, Himachal, is a Khas-Kshyetriya:

as is Anushka Sharma,  the Indian actress from Kumaon, Uttarakhand, who is a Kumaoni Brahmin:

The pictures below are perhaps the prototype of the Khas people: (30-35% of the population of Nepal)

Prototype Khas Men:

Prototype Khas Women:

The Khas-language forms the basis of the modern day Nepali language. The Khas collectively comprise about 30-35% of the Population of Nepal and are the dominant ethnic group of Nepal, ethnically, politically, culturally. In the absence of the Khas people, there would be no Nepali language or the modern Nepali nation state. The Khas provide a unifying strand to the diversity of Nepal.

Khas people do not refer to themselves as such. Rather they have 100s of surnames such as Koirala, Adhikari, Khatri, Thapa, Shah, Upadhyaya, Giri, Raut, Pandey, Pande, Khadka, Rana, Chand, Sharma, Singh, Acharya, Chhetri, Subedi, Basnet/Basnyat, Gautam, Dahal, Pokharel, Bista, Biswokarma, Malla, etc.

Demograpically, Khas-Brahmins are 12%, Khas-Kshtriyas are 15% and Khas Dalits are 5% of Nepal's population.

Currently, there is also much resentment against the Khas people because they are perceived to be overwhelmingly represented in all aspects of Nepalese society, especially in the state machinery (somewhat akin to the resentment against whites in the US). There is some truth to that, but this overlooks the fact that most Khas people are as poor as the rest of the population (even poorer than the rest of Nepalese people if you go to Western Nepal which is the Khas heartland).

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(II) Janajatis:

Total: 25-30% of the Population

These are the people who you refer to as "Chinese." There are various tribes that fall under the broad umbrella of "Janajatis." Among them are various tribes and subtypes as we shall see. Collectively all the Janajatis tribes/subtypes comprise 25-30% of the population.

a) Janajatis- (Tibetids)- 6.5% of the Population

Firstly, there are the Tibetid people who over various stages migrated from Tibet in the North towards Nepal through various locations in the Himalayan mountain passes. The Tibetid people established their own settlements in the High Himalayas (North Nepal). The most famous Tibetid people are the Sherpas. Tamangs are another Tibetid people who inhabit lower elevations around Central Nepal. The Tibetid people are exclusively Buddhists. The Tamangs (6%) and Sherpas (0.5%) collectively comprise about 7% of the population of Nepal.

Sherpa in Tibetan language means "dweller of the East" denoting the Tibetan people who migrated from Kham (Khampa people), which is the Easternmost part of Tibet.

And Tamang means Ta (Horse) and Mang (Merchant). So the Tamang people must have arrived into Central Nepal from Tibet as traders on horsebacks from much earlier than the Sherpa people as they have penetrated the lowlands in Central Nepal.

Some of the Surnames of Tibetid People are: Lama, Sherpa, Tamang, Yonjan, Bamjan, Lepcha, Bhutia etc

Tibetid Migrations:

Examples of Tibetid People:

Sherpa Child in the Highlands:

A Tamang Woman:

Tamang Man (Prashant Tamang, Indian Idol winner):

Sherpa Man (Tenzing Norgey Sherpa, First Person to Summit Everest):

Apa Sherpa, global record holder of most number of Everest summits at 21 summits:

Indian footballer Bhaichung Bhutia ("Bhotiya" i.e. person from Tibet) is also a Tibetid:

As is the Indian actor Danny Denzongpa:

Locations where Higher Tibetid people live (Sherpas and "Bhot people"):

Locations where lower Tibetid people live (Tamangs):

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(II) Janajatis (continued...)

(b) Janajatis- (Sinics): 4% of the Population

The Rais and Limbus who inhabit the Mid to High Hills of East Nepal (collectively called Kirats/Kirants) tend to be more Sinic (close to the Han Chinese people). Sinic tribes migrated from the East around present day Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China, as well as parts of Burma to present day Nepal. The Kirants are neither Hindus nor Buddhists. They have their own religion based on spirit, nature and ancestor worship known as Kirant Mundhum. The Rais (3%) and Limbu (1%) Sinics are about 4% of Nepal's population.

Kirantis have many last names like Rai, Limbu, Bantawa, Lawati, Sunuwar, Yakhha, Dhimal, Chmaling, Dewan, Shampang, Thebe, Subba etc

Kiranti Migrations:

Some Examples of Kiranti Peoples:

Kirati Limbu woman:

Kirant Rai Man:

Kirant/Kirat Limbu woman:

Rai Woman (Sambriddhi Rai, Artist):

Rajesh Payal Rai, is a popular Nepali Singer:

A Sikkimese Indian police officer from the Rai community:

Areas of Nepal where the Rais and Limbus predominantly live is shown:

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(II) Janajatis (continued...)

(c) Janajatis- (Tibetid+Burmese): 9% of the Population

The Gurungs and Magar are a mix of Burmese and Tibetid people.  They are presumed to have penetrated into the middle parts of Nepal 2,000+ years ago from around Burma and intermixed with the Tibetan people with whom they lived in close proximity with just across the Himalayan passes . The Gurungs and Magars follow a syncretic blend of Hinduism, Buddhism and nature worship, with Magars tending more towards being Hindu, and Gurungs more towards Buddhist/Nature worship. They live in the high hills of Mid-Western Nepal. Most of the Gurkha regiments draw from the Gurung and Magar tribes. Magars comprise 7% and Gurungs 2% of Nepal's population.

Magars shares many surnames with the Khas people like: Rana, Thapa, Budha, Gharti etc as well as having their own surname, Magar, Ale, and Pun. So a Thapa or a Rana can either be an Iranid Khas as well as a Tibeto-Burmese Magar. Usually Magars have a hyphenated last name, Gharti-Magar, Thapa-Magar, Rana-Magar and Khas have just Gharti, Thapa or Rana as the last name.  Gurungs almost universally have Gurung as their surname.

Tibeto-Burmese Migrations:

Some Examples of Magar and Gurung Peoples:

A Magar Woman:

Gurung Man (Bimal Gurung, political leader of the Darjeeling hills):

Magar Woman:

Elderly Gurung Man:

Magar Girl (Teriya Magar, Indian Reality show contestant):

Magar Teen (Bimal Gharti Magar, Football prodigy):

Prabal Gurung, the Fashion Designer based in New York is perhaps the most famous person of Nepali origin in the world currently:

Locations habited by Tibeto-Burmese, Gurungs and Magars:

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(III) Mixed :

10-13% of the population

People of mixed race are about 10-13% of the population of Nepal and growing. The Newars and the Tharus are the predominant tribes of mixed heritage.

(a) Newars - 5% of the population

Newars are a the people from whom the name "Nepal" is derived. They are the original inhabitants of Kathmandu and the creators of the arts architecture, and the unique civilization of Kathmandu. The are concentrated in and around Kathmandu valley and are the most prosperous ethnic group of Nepal by HDI. They are cosmopolitan, urban dwelling, mercantile class of Nepal. Newars are enterprising and have based themselves in Kathmandu and other urban centers along the trading routes between India and China. And as a result of all the intermingling and intermixing the Newars are the most diverse looking (and incredibly beautiful) people of Nepal. Newar look is very diverse and can range from the Caucasoid to the Mongoloid. Newars are a mix of the highland Nepalese i.e the Khas Indo-Iranian and Sino-Tibetid people. Newars are 5% of the population of Nepal.

The Newars are originally supposed to have been an East Asian type people (Tibetid?). Over time they inter-married the Iranid Khas Mallas, the Indic Lichhavis, and even as far as the South Indians who were specially brought over to Kathmandu to officiate as priests in the temples of Kathmandu. The "Malla" dynasty, during whose rule all the glorious architecture of Kathmandu valley sprung up, were originally Khas people from Western Nepal. The name Malla is a specific Thakuri (Khas) delineation. The Mallas gradually, over time adopted the Newar cultural identity and became Newars themselves.

Newars can be either Hindu or Buddhist or both. Among Newars who are Hindu exists an extremely complicated endogamous caste system.

Some Newar last names are: Shreshta, Shakya (Buddhist priests), Bajracharya (Newar-Brahmins), Manandhar, Gubaju (priests), Maharjan, Vaidhya (medicine makers), Chitrakar (painters), Tamrakar (coppersmiths), Stapit (carpenters), Khadgi (wealding weapons), Pradhan (nobles), Prajapati (landowners and nobles) etc.

Some Newar peoples:

A young Newar man:

A Newar woman in traditional attire:

An old Newar man:

A procession of Newar women:

Newar woman (Shristi Shrestha, Former Miss Nepal):

Namrata Shrestha the most famous actress of Nepal is a Newar:

Durga Malla, one of the celebrated freedom fighters of India also belongs to the Newar community:

Predominant areas of Newar habitation is shown in the map:

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(III) Mixed (continued...)

(b) Tharus (Indic+Tibeto-Burmese)-7% of the population

The Tharus claim to be Rajputs of India. However this is unlikely. The Tharus are most likely a mix between the the Tibeto-Burmese people and tribal people of North Indian plains who used to roam the forests bordering India and Nepal. The exhibit features that are somewhere in between Tibeto-Burmese (Gurungs/Magars) and Indo-Gangetic (Madheshi). They have elaborate ornaments and are a gentle people.  The Tharus comprise around 7% of the population of Nepal and live in the Western plains of Nepal. They along with Newars (above) are the oldest Inhabitants of Nepal.

Tharus have always lived in the dense malarial forests of Southern Nepal from East to West. They have a special genetic mutation that makes them immune to the malarial parasite. Over time the forests were cut down for human settlement and with the introduction of DDT the malarial parasite was controlled. Then in the Eastern plains the immigrants from India called the Madheshis (see below) and the people from the hills in the Western plains made the Tharus minorities in their own land. Now Tharus exist in significant numbers only in the western plains. After the 1800s they have been completely outnumbered by the Madheshis in the eastern plains of Nepal. 

Some common Tharu surnames are: Chaudhary/Chowdhury , Rana (shared with Magars and Khas), Danuwar, Tharu etc.

Dignified Tharu woman:

A Tharu Girl:

A Tharu Gentleman:

A Tharu Matriarch:

A Tharu couple who exhibit both Indo-Gangetic and Tibeto-Burmese features:

Tharu Ladies with elaborate ornaments:

In the map below we can see the Tharus predominantly live in the Western plains of Nepal:

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(IV) Madheshi people (Indo-Gangetic):

25% of the population

The people who live in the flat Southern plains of Central and Eastern Nepal are known as Madheshis. They are culturally, linguistically and ethnically identical to the people of Eastern UP and Bihar. Maithili people around Eastern Terai, the Yadavas, Madheshi-Dalits and Muslims are some of the dominant ethnic groups of the Terai. Madheshi people usually have familial relationship across the border into India.

Madheshis are the most recent addition to the ethnic fabric of Nepal having started to arrive into Nepal in significant numbers during the 1800s. Before that the low lying plains called outer Terai of Nepal was covered by a dense malarial forest known in Nepali as as the Char-Khose-Jhadi (15 kilometer forest). Only Tharus (see above) used to roam those forests. The Nepalese rulers used this uninhabited malarial forest as a defensive perimeter against the Moghuls and later the British. However, by the 19th century, timber and other resources started being exported in massive quantities from Nepal to India for constructing the ambitious British-Indian railway lines. Similarly, the expanding Gorkhali state needed people to till the lands for revenue generation in order to finance its military campaigns. Because the hill people would refuse to settle below a hily altitudes in fear of the malarial diseases (called "Aulo" in Nepali language) labours were brought in from India to clear the forests in the Tarai plains and cultivate the land, the descendants of whom we know today as the Madheshi people of the South.

If we go back further still in pre-history, the southern Terai region of Nepal was home to many ancient civilizations like Mithila, the Birthplace of Sita, and Lumbini, the kingdom of the Shakya clan from whom Gautam Buddha was born. In late antiquity (300 AD onwards), these civilizations gradually disintegrated, decayed and was consumed by the forest only to be discovered much recently by archeologists.

Madheshi Migrations:

Collectively Madeshis are about 25% of the population of Nepal. But Madhesis are not one homogeneous ethnic group. Ethnically, there are three kinds of Madheshis: (a) Maithili, (b) Bhojpuri and (c) Awadhi who are somewhat culturally dissimilar. Even within one Madheshi ethnicity like the Maithilis there are numerous caste divisions. The biggest caste and enthno-religious-linguistic group within Madheshis are the Yadavs (4% of the population) and Muslims (4% of the population). The rest are numerous lower caste groups like Teli, Chamar, Koiri, Mushahar, Kurmi (approximately at 1% each). Still others are higher and middle castes like Jha, Tiwari, Tripathi, Gupta, Thakur, Rajput, Shah, Mahato, Mandal (<1% each).

The ethnography among the Madheshi peoples is incredibly fragmented and as complicated and diverse if not more so as among those in the hills. 

Some Examples of the Madheshi People:

Maithil women celebrating the Chath festival by praying to the sun god, eastern lowlands:

A Nepali Muslim man (Muslims are 4% of Nepalese population):

Mohana Ansari, a member of Nepal women's commission is a prominent Nepali Muslim woman:

Udit Narayan Jha, a famous Maithil Brahmin personality from the South of Nepal:

Dalit Madheshi children tending buffalos:

The former president of Nepal is also a Yadav:

Chitralekha Yadav, one of the former ministers of education, a Yadav woman:

The Nepali state has struggled to encompass the Madheshi people into a Nepali identity as they are virtually tied with the people of the Indo-Gangetic belt (Bihar). The Madhesis charge that the Hill ethnic groups have traditionally discriminated against them and that they are viewed as not really being Nepali.

Madhesi people:

Areas inhabited by Madheshi People:

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For such a small population Nepalese are an incredibly diverse people. They can look like anything: Italians, Spaniards, Arabs, Afghans, Koreans, Japanese, Chinese, Thai, Burmese, Indian (North or South), Bihari, Tribal...

Before the word "multiculturalism" had become fashionable in the Western world, Nepalese people who looked diametrically different from one another had for centuries and centuries already been living together without any violence, and had successfully forged an idea of a Nepali nation.

Lastly, here is a commercial for a popular noodle that celebrates the ethnic mosaic of Nepal. Types of Nepalese people shown in order of appearance in this commercial are:

Bhojpuri (Madheshi/Indics)
Magar, Gurungs (Tibeto-Burmese)
Tharu (Indo-Tibetids)
Rai (Kiranti/Sinics)
Newars (Sino-Iranids)
Maithilis (Madheshi/Indics)
Tamangs (Tibetids).                                                                                                
The Khas people are not shown.

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The extremely diverse, landlocked nation of Nepal, sandwiched between the Autonomous Region of Tibet in the north, and India in the south, is home to hundreds of languages (some of which only a single speaker is left) and ethnic groups of Aryan, Tibetan, and mixed descent. Nepal is actually the second most natively ethnic diverse nation in the entire world (the first would be Papua New Guinea) in terms of land to people ratio. Having sighted 2/3 Nepalis , the generalization of us , Nepalese people as ‘Chinese’ ,by Indians is what pisses me the most !
There are mainly 3 racial groups in the country , out of which the mixed descent considered to be the most attractive -
1.Aryans
They’re the people with varying facial structure (oval , heart , square ), thin medium to long pointed noses , dense , full , thick eyelashes and eyebrows , lebanese eyebrow shape (in most cases) and big beautiful stretched up and down eyes which is very oriental.

2. Tibetean (Mongoloids)
The Mongoloids behold the following physical traits - small eyes (maybe slutrily upturned or downturned ) , small noses and round faces.

3.Mixed
They have perfect facial syymetry (in most of the cases) while the others are blessed with square or heart shaped face. Being the mix of Aryan and Mongoloid , the eyes can be exceptional - either stretched up and down eyes like the aryans or the eyes with beautiful upward/downward tilt. Also , they have full eyelashes and eyebrows with rich black colour and slim perfect nose.

I’ve only mention the 3 main racial groups ! The  of  has evolved over the centuries. This multi-dimensional heritage encompasses the diversities of Nepal's , , and , and it manifests in and ;  and ;  and ;  and ;  and ;  and ;  and .You’ve so much to explore in Nepal and I can bet you , you wouldn’t be able to distinguish a Nepali ;)

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The extremely diverse, landlocked nation of Nepal, sandwiched between the Autonomous Region of Tibet in the north, and India in the south, is home to hundreds of languages (some of which only a single speaker is left) and ethnic groups of Aryan, Tibetan, and mixed descent. Nepal is actually the second most natively ethnic diverse nation in the entire world (the first would be Papua New Guinea) in terms of land to people ratio, containing a whopping 210 different ethnic groups within only 54,363 square miles. Nepal is also the third most linguistically diverse nation in terms of speaker to land ratio (the first being Nigeria, the second Papua New Guinea) with about 130 languages. The Nepalese population is comprised of 20% ancestral Indians, 30% ancestral Tibetans, and 50% a mix of both. Religiously, 20% of Nepalis are pure Hindu, about 10% are pure Buddhist, and 70% follow a homogenous mixture of these two religions. So, the people of Nepal are actually very, very diverse.

18.6k Views ·

स्थानीय तहबारे केही जानकारि

स्थानीय तहबारे केही जानकारि
१) स्थानीय तहलाई नेपाल सरकार मन्त्रिपरिषदले स्वीकृती दिएको मिति–वि.सं.२०७३ फागुन २२

२) स्थानीय तह राजपत्रमा प्रकाशित भएको मिति–वि.सं.२०७३ फागुन २७

३) जम्मा स्थानीय तहकाे संख्या–७४४

४) गाऊँपालिकाहरुको संख्या–४८१ वटा

५) हाल नेपालमा महानरपालिका, र उपमहानगरपालिकाकाे संख्या संख्या–२६३

६) जम्मा वडा संख्या –६६८०

७) महानगरपालिका संख्या ४ वटा–काठमाण्डौ, भरतपुर, पोखरा लेखनाथ र ललितपुर

८) उपमहानगरपालिकाहरुको संख्या–१३ वटा

९) क्षेत्रफलको हिसावले सबैभन्दा ठूलो गाऊँपालिका– हुम्लाको नाम्खा गाऊँपालिका ९२४१९।६४ बर्ग किमी

१०) क्षेत्रफलको हिसावले सबैभन्दा सानोे गाऊँपालिका–सम्सी गाउँपालिका महोत्तरी (२१.५७ व.कि.मि.)

११) क्षेत्रफलको हिसाबले सबैभन्दा ठूलो नगरपालिका–सितगंगा नगरपालिका, अर्घाखाँची (६१०.४३ व.कि.मि.)

१२) सबैभन्दा सानो नगरपालिका भक्तपुर नगरपालिका–६.८९ व.कि.मि.), दोश्रो मध्यपुर ठिमि

राजेन्द्र प्याकुरेल
१३) क्षेत्रफलको हिसाबले ठूलो महानगरपालिका– कास्की लेखनाथ महानगरपालिका (४६४.२४ व.कि.मि.)

१४) सबैभन्दा सानो महानगरपालिका ललितपुर महानगरपालिका (३६.१२ व.कि.मि.)

१५) सबैभन्दा ठूलो उप महानगरपालिका घोराही उपमहानगरपालिका, दाङ (५२२.२१ व.कि.मि.)

१६) सबैभन्दा सानो उप महानगरपालिका– पर्साको बीरगञ्ज उपमहानगरपालिका ७५.२४ बर्ग किमी

१७) काठमाण्डौ महानगरपालिकाको जनसंख्या र क्षेत्रफल क्षेत्रफल ४९.४५ र जनसंख्या ९,७५,४५३ जना

१८) सबैभन्दा धेरै वडा भएको महानगरपालिका–पोखरालेखनाथ महानगरपालिका, कास्की ३३ वटा (दोश्रो काठमाण्डौ ३२ वटा)

१९) नगरपालिका नभएका ४ जिल्ला–मनाङ, मुस्ताङ्ग, रसुवा र हुम्ला

२०) महानगर भएको तर उपमहानगर र नगरपालिका नभएको जिल्ला– कास्की

२१) गाऊँपालिका नभएको जिल्लाहरू– काठमाण्डौ र भक्तपुर

२२) सबैभन्दा धेरै जनसंख्या भएको नगरपालिका– काठमाण्डौ महानगरपालिका

२३) सबै भन्दा कम जनसंख्या भएको नगरपालिका ठुलीभेरी नगरपालिका, डोल्पा (८३७० जना)

२४) सबै भन्दा धेरै जनसंख्या भएको गाउँपालिका– राप्तीसोनारी गाउँपलिका बाँके (५९९४६ जना)

२५) सबै भन्दा कम जनसंख्या भएको गाउँपालिका– नार्फु गाउँपालिका, मनाङ ( ५८८ जना)

२६) एकै नामले ४ जिल्लामा रहेको गाऊँपालिकाहरूकाे एउटै नाम– सुनकोसी गाऊँपालिका (सिन्धुपाल्चोक, सिन्धुली, उदयपुर र ओखलढुङ्गा)

स्थानिय तहमा नयाँ मापदण्ड

स्थानिय तहमा नयाँ मापदण्ड
स्थानियतह ५६५ हुने
+हिमाल
- गाउँपालिका हुन न्युनतम १५ हजार जनसंख्या
- नगरपालिका हुन न्यनतम २० हजार जनसंख्या

+पहाड
- गाउँपालिका हुन न्यनतम २५ हजार जनसंख्या
- नगरपालिका हुन न्यनतम ३५ हजार जनसंख्या (सदरमुकाममा ४५ हजार)
- उपमहानगरपालिका हुन न्यनतम १ लाख ५० हजार जनसंख्या
- महानगरपालिका हुन न्यनतम ३ लाख जनसंख्या

‌+ ‍तराई
- गाउँपालिका हुन न्यनतम ५० हजार जनसंख्या
- नगरपालिका हुन न्यनतम ७५ हजार जनसंख्या ( सदरमुकाम ९५ हजार )
- उपमहानगरपालिका हुन न्यनतम १ लाख ५० हजार जनसंख्या

UN सम्बन्धि केही जानकारी

१. संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघमा नेपालले निर्वाह गरेको महत्वपूर्ण भूमिकामा देहायमध्ये कुन सही छ ?
A. गिनीमाथि पोर्चुगलको आक्रमणविरुद्ध गठित पाँच सदस्यीय आयोगमा रही सक्रिय योगदान पु-याएको ।
B. नामिवियामाथि दक्षिण अफ्रिकाको प्रभुत्व अन्त्य गरिनुपर्छ भनी नामिवियाको स्वतन्त्रताको पक्षमा आवाज उठाएको ।
C.रुसी भाषालाई संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघको भाषा बनाउनुपर्छ भन्ने पक्षमा मतदान गरेको ।
D.माथिका सबै
२.युरोपेली युनियनका परिकल्पना भनेर कसलाई चिनिन्छ ?
A. Jean Monnet
B. Ziaur Rahman
C. Thomas pen
D. john lee
३.जोडा मिलाउनुहोस् र कोडबाट सही उत्तर छान्नुहोस् ।
समूह i
समूह ii
a. विश्व बैंकको स्थापना
१.सन् १९६६ अक्टोवर १४
b. लगानी विवाद समाधानका लागि अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय केन्द्रको स्थापना
२. सन् १९४५ डिसेम्वर २७
c. लगानी विकास समाधानका लागि विकास संगठनको स्थापना ३. सन् १९६६ डिसेम्वर १९
d. एसियाली विकास बैंकको स्थापना
४. सन् १९६० डिसेम्वर २४
Code :
A. a-2,b-4,c-1,d-3  B. a-2,b-1,c-4,d-3
B. a-1,b-2,c-4,d-3 D. a-3,b-2,c-1,d-4
४. नेपालले गरेको शान्ति क्षेत्रको प्रस्तावलाई समर्थन गर्ने चार राष्ट्रहरू देहायमध्ये कुन हो ?
A. भारत, चीन, उत्तर कोरिया, बंगलादेश
B. सोलोमन, उत्तर कोरिया, दक्षिण कोरिया, जापान
C. चीन, पाकिस्तान, श्रीलंका, आयरल्याण्ड
D.पाकिस्तान, चीन, उत्तर कोरिया, दक्षिण कोरिया
५. बिमस्टेकका सहयोगका चौधवटा क्षेत्रहरूमध्ये नेपालले कुन क्षेत्रसँग सम्बन्धित छ ?
A.गरिबी निवारण B. मत्स्यपालन
C. ऊर्जा D. व्यापार र लगानी
६. सन् १९६१ मा नेपाल र चीनबीच भएको सीमा सम्झौताबाट नेपालले कति भूमि थप पाएको थियो ?
A. ३०० वर्ग माइल
B. ४०० वर्ग माइल
C.६०० वर्ग माइल
D.७०० वर्ग माइल
७. अमेरिकाको सहयोगमा संचालित केही आयोजनाहरूमा देहायमध्ये कुन पर्दैन ?
A.धनगढी–डडेलधुरा (भिमदत्त पन्त) मार्ग
B. जनक शिक्षा साम्रागी केन्द्र
D.नेपाल औद्योगिक विकास निगम
C.बीपी स्मृति क्यान्सर अस्पताल, भरतपुर
८. जोडा मिलाउनुहोस् र कोडबाट सही उत्तर छान्नुहोस् ।
समूह i समूह ii
a.विश्व स्वास्थ्य दिवस १. डिसेम्वर ३
b.विश्व खाद्य दिवस २. अक्टोवर १६
c.विश्व अपांग दिवस ३. अप्रिल ७
d. विश्व क्षयरोग दिवस ४. मार्च २४
A. a-3,b-2,c-1,d-5 B. a-2,b-4,c-1,d-3
B. a-3,b-5,c-2,d-1 D. a-3,b-1,c-2,d-4
९. महाकाली सन्धिमा नेपाल र भारतको तर्फबाट हस्ताक्षर गर्ने व्यक्तिहरू देहायध्ये को–को थिए ?
A.महावीर शमशेर र गुल्जारीलाल नन्दा
B.प्रकाशचन्द्र लोहनी र पी.भी. नरसिंह राव
C.प्रकाशचन्द्र लोहनी र प्रणव मुखर्जी
D.शेरबहादुर देउवा र पी.भी. नरसिंह राव
१०. संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघद्वारा घोषित अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय वर्षहरू कुन सही छ ?
A.सन् १९६० अफ्रिका वर्ष सन् १९६५ सहयोग वर्ष
B .सन् १९६७ पर्यटन वर्ष १९६८ मानव अधिकार वर्ष
C.सन् १९७१ जाति भेदविरुद्ध कार्य वर्ष १९७२ पुस्तक वर्ष
D.माथिका सबै
११. City of Beautiful tower भनेर कुन युरोपेली सहरलाइ चिनिन्छ ?
A.कोपनहेगन (डेनमार्क)
B.म्याड्रिड (स्पेन )
C.बर्लिन (जर्मनी)
D.मस्को (रुस)
१२.Point four program देहायमध्ये केसँग सम्बन्धित छ ?
A.राजनीतिक विकास
B.भौतिक विकास
C.आर्थिक विकास
D.मानव विकास
१३. सुरक्षा परिषद्का अस्थायी सदस्य राष्ट्रहरूको निर्वाचन कुन आधारमा गरिन्छ ?
A.संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघीय महासभाको दुई तिहाइ बहुमतद्वारा
B.आर्थिक तथा सामाजिक परिषद्को साधारण बहुमतद्वारा
C.संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघीय महासभाको साधारण बहुमतद्वारा
D.कुनैपनि होइन
१४. क्षेत्रीय तथा आर्थिक सहयोग बढाउने उद्देश्यले ६ वटा पश्चिमी युरोपेली राष्ट्रहरूले सम्झौता–पत्रमा कहिले र कहाँ हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए ?
A.२४ मार्च १९५७ इटालीमा
B.२२ मार्च १९५७ इटालीमा
C.२४ जनवरी १९५७ नेदरल्याण्डमा
D.२४ मार्च १९५७ बेलायतमा
१५. युरोपेली युनियनले मुख्यरूपमा नेपालको कुन क्षेत्रमा विकासमा सहयोग गर्दै आएको छ ?
A.ग्रामीण विकास
C.मानव संसाधन
D.शहरी विकास
E.मत्स्यपालन
१६. संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाका लागि नेपालको पहिलो आवासीय राजदूत ………………… थिए ?
A.ऋषिकेश शाह
B.रणजंग पाण्डे
C.सिंहशमशेर जवरा
D.मातृकाप्रसाद भटराई
१७. संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघले मनाएका वर्षरूरुमा देहायको कुन गलत छ ?
A.२००२ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय पर्वत वर्ष
B.२००३ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्वच्छ पानी वर्ष
C.२००४ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय धान वर्ष
D.सबै सही
१८. संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघको झण्डा महासभाद्वारा ……………….मा स्वीकृत भएको हो ।
A. सन् १९४७ अक्टुबर २० मा
B. सन् १९४६ अक्टुबर २० मा
C. सन् १९४७ अक्टुबर २५ मा
D.सन् १९४५ अक्टुबर २४ मा
उत्तरहरू :
1. D 11. A
2. A 12. C
3. B 13. A
4. D 14. A
5. A 15. A
6. A 16. A
7. D 17. D
8. A 18. A
9. B
10. D

केही_महत्त्वपूर्ण_सामान्यज्ञानहरु

#केही_महत्त्वपूर्ण_सामान्यज्ञानहरु
💕💕💕💕💕💕💕💕💕💕💕💕💕
१) लिच्छविहरु कुन वंशका थिए ?
⏩सुर्यबंशिय क्षेत्रीय

२) २० बर्ष सम्म तिब्बतको सरणमा बस्ने नेपाली राजा को थिए ?
⏩नरेन्द्रदेव

३) रुसि राज्य क्रान्तिको बेला बोल्सेभिकको नेतृत्व गरेका लेलिनको पूरा नाम के हो ?
⏩भ्लादिमिर इलिच लेलिन

४) पारिजातले लेखेको शिरिशको फुल नामक कृतिलाई कुन नाम दिई अंग्रेजिमा अनुबादित गरिएको छ ?
⏩Blue Mimosa

५) टौ दह : काठमाडौ :: खौ दह : ?
⏩सुर्खेत

६) लिखु नदिको उद्गमस्थल कुन हो ?
⏩सुरमोचे हिमाल/रोल्वालिङ हिमाल

७) सबैभन्दा बढी जनसंख्या वृद्धिदर भएको देश कुन हो ?
⏩केन्या

८) हालका १४ औ दलाई लामा तेन्जिङ ग्यात्सो हुन भने १३ औ दलाई लामा को हुन ?
⏩थुक्तेन ग्यात्सो

९) रागिनी उपाध्याय के सँग सम्बन्धित छन ?
⏩चित्रकला

१०) गाइनेले बिवाहमा अनिवार्य रुपमा गाउनुपर्ने गित कुन हो ?
⏩जलमलपता

११) नेपालको पहिलो महिला प्रहरी को हुन ?
⏩सावित्री उपाध्याय

१२) आधुनिक ओलम्पिक खेलकुदका पिता कसलाई मानिन्छ ?
⏩व्याटन पियर द कुबर्टिन

१३) गोल्डम्यान पुरस्कार पाउने पहिलो एसियली ब्यकति को हुन ?
⏩महेशचन्द्र मेहता, भारत

१४) जस्ता र तामा मिलेर कुन धातु बन्छ ?
⏩पित्तल

१५) सुगौली सन्धिका लागि हस्ताक्षर गर्न नेपाललाई कति समय दिइएको थियो ?
⏩१५ दिन

१६) "बैकानुर कस्मोड्रम" कुन देशको अन्तरीक्ष प्रक्षेपण केन्द्र हो ?
⏩रसिया

१७) अम्ल बर्षा बारे पहिलो विश्व सम्मेलन कहिले भएको थियो ?
⏩सन १९५०

१८) सजिलै सँग नष्ट हुने वा गलेर जाने प्लास्टिकलाइ के भनिन्छ ?
⏩बाइपोल

१९) लोलि प्लानेटले सन २०१७ मा नेपाललाई उत्कृष्ट गन्तव्यमा कति नंमरमा राखेको छ ?
⏩५

२०) चन्द्र शमशेरले दासत्वमोचन गरेको भनी कहिले घोषणा गरे ?(पूरा मिति)
⏩बि.स. १९८० मंसिर १४

नेपालमा Multi currency card सेन्चुरी कमर्सियल

* नेपालमा Multi currency card सेन्चुरी कमर्सियल बैकले बि.स. 2074 कार्तिक 30 मा ल्यायो। ( ATM एभरेष्ट बैकले 2061 जेष्ठ 22 गते)
* नेपाल मै पहिलो बैकिङ सर्भिस रोबोटले प्रदान SBI बैकले परी नाम रोबोट बि.स. 2074 असार 23 भित्र्यायो।
* विश्व बैक अन्तर्गत 5 ओटा बैक रहेका छन IBRD,IFC, IDA, MIGA and ICSID हुन।
* ADB को स्थापना सन 1966 डिसेम्बर 19 मा भयो ।यसको प्रधान कार्यालय फिलिपिन्स मनिला रहेको छ। हालका सदस्य 68 ओटा छन सबैभन्दा ठूलो साझेदार राष्ट्र जापान ( 12.98) हो।
* एसियालि पुर्वाधार लगानी बैकको स्थापना सन 2014 जुन 24 मा भएको हो। यसका सस्थापक राष्ट्र 57 ओटा छन। प्रधान कार्यालय चिनको बेजिङमा रहेको छ।
* ब्रीक्स बैकको स्थापना सन 2014 जुलाई 1 । प्रधान कार्यालय चिनको संघाईमा रहेको छ।
* ट्रन्सपरेन्सी इन्टरनेसनलको स्थापना सन 1993 मा भयो र रिपोर्ट सार्वजनिक सन 2095 को रिपोर्ट सन 1996 देखि गर्न थालियो।
* सार्कका महासचिव पाकिस्तानका अमजद हुसेन २०१७ मार्च १ देखि
*  भ्रष्टचार अवधारणा सूचकांक (CPI) 2017
नेपालको स्थान  122 औँ,(प्राप्त अकं 31,) 180 देशमा सर्वेक्षण गरिएको थियो।
* सन 2017 को अर्थशास्त्र बिधाको नोबेल पुरस्कार अमेरिकी अर्थशास्त्री रिचार्ड थालएले पाए।
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जैविक बिबिधता भनेको के हो ? यसको महत्त्व,यसमा ह्रास आउने कारण लेख्दै संरक्षण गर्ने उपायहरु लेख्नुहोस ।(२+२+३+३)

जैविक बिबिधता भनेको के हो ? यसको महत्त्व,यसमा ह्रास आउने कारण लेख्दै संरक्षण गर्ने उपायहरु लेख्नुहोस ।(२+२+३+३)
उत्तर:-
✏जैविक बिबिधता:-
✔पृथ्वीमा रहेको प्राणी र बनस्पतिहरुको भिन्नता,संख्या,प्रजाती र तिनिहरुबिचको समायोजनलाई जैविक बिबिधता भनिन्छ,

✔यसले प्राकृतिक प्रक्रियामा सन्तुलन कायम राखी पृथ्वीलाई दिगो र जिबन्त बनाइराख्न मदत गर्दछ,जैविक बिबिधता बासस्थान,भूगोल र मौसम अनुसार फरक फरक हुन्छ र यो मुख्य तीन प्रकारको रहेको हुन्छ,

१)बंशाणुगत बिबिधता
२)प्रजातिय बिबिधता
३)पारिस्थितिक प्रणालीको बिबिधता

✏जैविक बिबिधताको महत्त्व:-
✔प्राणी बनस्पति र जिवहरुको अस्तित्व जोगाउन,
✔बातावरणिय संतुलन कायम गर्न,
✔कृषिजन्य,बनजन्य र पशुजन्य उत्पादन बढाउन,
✔प्राकृतिक सौन्दर्यता बढाउन,
✔पर्यटन बिकास गर्न,
✔माटोको उर्वरा शक्ति ह्रास हुन नदिन,
✔बंशाणुमा सुधार ल्याउन,
✔वातावरणिय अध्यन अनुसन्धानमा सहयोग गर्न,
✔बाढी,पहिरो ,भुक्षय आदिको असरलाई न्यूनीकरण गर्न,

✏जैविक बिबिधतामा ह्रास आउने कारणहरु:-
✔तीब्र जनसंख्या वृद्धि र अव्यवस्थित सहरीकरण,
✔अत्याधिक रासायनिक मल र किटनासक औषधिको प्रयोग
✔बन बिनास र अतिक्रमण,
✔जलबायु परिवर्तन र तापक्रममा अत्याधिक वृद्धि,
✔प्राकृतिक श्रोत सम्पदाको अत्याधिक प्रयोग वा दोहन,
बढ्दो प्रदुषण,
✔दुर्लभ बन्यजन्तुको चोरी र सिकार,
✔प्राकृतिक प्रकोप: बाढी पहिरो भुक्मप भुक्षय आगलागी
✔जनचेतनाको कमि र नितिहरुको कमजोर कार्यान्वयन,

✏जैविक बिबिधता संरक्षण गर्ने उपायहरु:-
✔तिब्र जनसंख्या वृद्धि नियन्त्रण र बसाइसराइ तथा सहरीकरणलाई ब्यवस्थित गराउने,
✔जैबिक बिबिधताको प्रवर्द्धन गर्न रासायनिक मल र किटनासक औषधिमा रोक लगाउने,
✔बन बिनास र अतिक्रमण नियन्त्रणका साथै निजि तथा सामुदायिक क्षेत्रमा बनलगाउन प्रोत्साहन गर्ने,
✔प्राकृतिक श्रोत र सम्पदाको सदुपयोग र र संरक्षण गर्ने,
✔बाताबरणमैत्री बिकास र बिधिहरुको प्रयोग गर्ने,
✔जिवजन्तुको बासस्थान र चरन स्थानलाई सुरक्षित राख्ने,
✔दुर्लभ बन्यजन्तुको चोरी र सिकार नियन्त्रण गर्ने,
✔फोहोर मैलाको उचित ब्यवस्थापन गर्ने,
✔वातावरणमैत्री उधोग र कलकारखानाको स्थापना गर्ने,
✔वातावरण संरक्षण र जैविक बिबिधता संरक्षण सम्बन्धि ऎन,कानुनको प्रभावकारी कार्यान्वयन गर्ने,
✔जैविक बिबिधता ह्रास बाट पर्न सक्ने असरबारे जनचेतना जगाउने,

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